The Canadian State
The Queen of Canada
Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada
The Queen of Canada is the State.
This means that the personification (human face) of the Canadian state is the Queen of Canada. The Queen (aka monarch, sovereign) represents the Canadian Crown - an institution that has evolved in this country since the 15th century. The Queen gives Canada its authority - all things are done in Her Majesty's name whether it is creating new laws or issuing someone a parking ticket.
It is important to stress that Elizabeth II in no way links Canada (politically or militarily) to the United Kingdom - The Queen of the United Kingdom and The Queen of Canada are two separate roles even though they are filled by the same person.
Elizabeth II was formally bestowed the title "Queen of Canada" by her Canadian Parliament in 1953.
*Read "What's a Monarchy For?" (Letter from Governor General David Johnston to Deborah Vujlsteke) on pages 149-154 in The Idea of Canada (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2016) to see what our current governor general thinks about the value of Canada's constitutional monarchy.
| The Separate Commonwealth Realms.pdf |
| The Kings and Queens of Canada - a poster created by the Department of Canadian Heritage.pdf |
On paper, the Queen holds a tremendous amount of power, but because she must observe the rules laid out by our constitution and democratic traditions (i.e. the convention of responsible government), she is not able to exercise them without the advice of elected officials. The Queen holds absolute authority and power, but she must lend them to those elected by the public. Still, the Queen has very important rights in our system of government:
The right to be consulted; The right to encourage; and The right to warn
Recently another power of the Crown has been recognized: The power to convene (bring people together)
While the Queen cannot use the tremendous powers of the Crown without advice, she exists as a safety mechanism from those elected officials who might abuse their positions in government. Put simply, the Crown is the only thing that can be used to remove someone who is misusing the powers entrusted to them from the Crown.
Visit the Government of Canada's website on the Canadian Crown here.
Visit Her Majesty the Queen's personal website here.
The right to be consulted; The right to encourage; and The right to warn
Recently another power of the Crown has been recognized: The power to convene (bring people together)
While the Queen cannot use the tremendous powers of the Crown without advice, she exists as a safety mechanism from those elected officials who might abuse their positions in government. Put simply, the Crown is the only thing that can be used to remove someone who is misusing the powers entrusted to them from the Crown.
Visit the Government of Canada's website on the Canadian Crown here.
Visit Her Majesty the Queen's personal website here.
The Coat of Arms of Governor General Julie Payette (2017-2021). Click on them to learn more about their design.
A Grant of Arms
One of the powers of the Crown is to grant a person, company, institution or corporate body a Grant of Arms (aka Coat of Arms). Coats of Arms act as visual representations of their holders. Look below at some coats of arms from across Canada - notice where the Crown is shown (representing where they each receive authority). Learn more about the ancient art of Heraldry by visiting the Canadian Heraldic Authority.
The Administrator of the Government of Canada
(in lieu of the Governor General of Canada)
The Rt Hon Richard Wagner,
Administrator of the Government of Canada
Learn more about the Administrator of the Government.
The Governor General represents The Queen of Canada when Elizabeth II is out of the country. As The Queen's Representative, the Governor General performs many of the important functions that a country has to have done, such as:
Opening and closing Parliament
Giving Royal Assent
Entertaining visiting world leaders (Heads of State and Government)
Honouring Canadians from across the country
To find out more about the role of the Queen, and her representative, the Governor General, click here.
*Read "An Individual Institution" (Letter from Governor General David Johnston to Jacques Monet sj) on pages 87-91 in The Idea of Canada (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2016) to see what a former governor general thought of his role in Canada.
The Governor General represents The Queen of Canada when Elizabeth II is out of the country. As The Queen's Representative, the Governor General performs many of the important functions that a country has to have done, such as:
Opening and closing Parliament
Giving Royal Assent
Entertaining visiting world leaders (Heads of State and Government)
Honouring Canadians from across the country
To find out more about the role of the Queen, and her representative, the Governor General, click here.
*Read "An Individual Institution" (Letter from Governor General David Johnston to Jacques Monet sj) on pages 87-91 in The Idea of Canada (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2016) to see what a former governor general thought of his role in Canada.
The Lieutenant Governor - The Queen's Provincial Representative
Her Honour Elizabeth Dowdeswell, Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
In addition to the Governor General, The Queen also has a representative in each province. The role of the Lieutenant Governor is to represent The Queen in provincial matters, as well as protect the rights and privileges of their province within the Canadian state. The Provincial Crown exists to both unify the country, as well as reinforce the fact that each province is unique and a politically separate part of the state.
Visit the website of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario here.
Visit the website of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario here.
How Ontario gets its Premier - From the Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
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* This same process is used to select the Canadian prime minister (the federal representative of the Queen is the Governor General)
The Canadian Monarchy Booklet:
Assignment #1: The Canadian Monarchy Worksheet
Click on the assignment below:
| Canadian Monarchy Question Sheet.pdf |
Visual example of the Canadian State
- the Speech from the Throne
Important Parliamentary Officers and Officials
Usher of the Black Rod in the Senate
Speaker - One of the most important officials of our Parliament. The Speaker acts as a referee and is charged with maintaining order and observing proper procedures - both the Senate and the House of Commons have a Speaker. The Speaker of the Senate is appointed by the Governor General on the recommendation of the Prime Minister while The Speaker of the House of Commons is a Member of Parliament chosen through a secret ballot by his peers in the chamber.
Website for The Speaker of the Senate
Website for The Speaker of the House of Commons
Rick Mercer Report - Rick as the Speaker (Feb 2011)
Clerks of The Senate and Clerks of the Parliaments - The Clerk of the Senate manages the Senate’s day-to-day operation. The Clerk also supports all aspects of the legislative process, from the swearing-in of new Senators to advising the Speaker on parliamentary procedure and interpretation of the rules. As Clerk of the Parliaments, the Clerk is custodian of all original Acts and is responsible for certifying true copies of these Acts. More information can be found here.
Clerk of the House - The Clerk of the House of Commons is the chief procedural advisor to the Speaker and MPs. The Clerk also has extensive duties related to the overall management of the House of Commons.
Sergeant-at-Arms - The Sergeant-at Arms assists the Clerk as head of parliamentary precinct services, performing certain ceremonial functions and being responsible for security and building services. It is the Sergeant-at-Arms who handles the mace (symbols of Royal Authority in both Houses of Parliament).
Usher of the Black Rod in the Senate - Responsible for security in the Senate and parliamentary ceremonies and traditions, 'Black Rod' is a position steeped in history. The current Black Rod is Superintendent J. Greg Peters MVO.
Click here to find out all the current officers and officials of Parliament
Website for The Speaker of the Senate
Website for The Speaker of the House of Commons
Rick Mercer Report - Rick as the Speaker (Feb 2011)
Clerks of The Senate and Clerks of the Parliaments - The Clerk of the Senate manages the Senate’s day-to-day operation. The Clerk also supports all aspects of the legislative process, from the swearing-in of new Senators to advising the Speaker on parliamentary procedure and interpretation of the rules. As Clerk of the Parliaments, the Clerk is custodian of all original Acts and is responsible for certifying true copies of these Acts. More information can be found here.
Clerk of the House - The Clerk of the House of Commons is the chief procedural advisor to the Speaker and MPs. The Clerk also has extensive duties related to the overall management of the House of Commons.
Sergeant-at-Arms - The Sergeant-at Arms assists the Clerk as head of parliamentary precinct services, performing certain ceremonial functions and being responsible for security and building services. It is the Sergeant-at-Arms who handles the mace (symbols of Royal Authority in both Houses of Parliament).
Usher of the Black Rod in the Senate - Responsible for security in the Senate and parliamentary ceremonies and traditions, 'Black Rod' is a position steeped in history. The current Black Rod is Superintendent J. Greg Peters MVO.
Click here to find out all the current officers and officials of Parliament